Extending his non-philosophical thought to examining possibilities of a redfinition of Marxism, in this volume François Laruelle shows that in the light of the apparent failure of Marxism or communism, we need to explore the ‘single cause-of-the-last-instance for this failure’ (12). Another reason for this failure could be, according to Laruelle, that ‘Marxism may have “lacked” the Real and tied its fate to the history-world’ (23). In this path-breaking and incisive reassessment of Marxism, Laruelle focuses on the real and the determination-in-the-last-instance to fnd if Marxism itself can be transformed to non-Marxism. e eloquence and sublimity of his thought come forth beautifully in this passage: ‘Idealism finds materialism unintelligible because it lacks self-consciousness.’ (102). This book is a must read for all concerned with Marxism.