A goal for language learners is to function in plural languages according to their own needs and purposes. A bilingual perspective starts from that attainable goal. Learners in Japan tend to idealize L2 mastery or becoming bilingual, so it becomes other people’s business. Monolingual teachers tell students by their example, “go where I have not…[Read more]

The literary text is born with its criticism methodology and its criticizer. The creator
stretches his hands out to the reader/criticizer to take their first step towards the text
and remove any ambiguity, symbolism, or metaphors that may be present.
He extends bridges between him and the society that produced the text, or bluff to
find the…[Read more]

This abstract discusses the differences between learning English as a foreign language (EFL) and learning English as a
second language (ESL). The EFL is when English is learned in a non-English speaking nation where it is not the
primary communication medium, often for academic or professional reasons. In contrast, ESL is when English is…[Read more]