Mathematics is considered a dreaded subject for many students. When talking about Mathematics, any topics under the subject, a lot of students find several excuses on avoiding the talk about numbers. There are three reasons highlighted, to wit: teacher factor, the use of variables in Mathematics to daily life, and “mental culture”.

A binary option is an option with a predetermined payoff, triggered only if the underlying price meets the strike price. These are also commonly referred to as “all or nothing” or “digital options”. Binary call pays a fixed amount if the underlying price ends up above the strike price, while binary put pays off a fixed amount if the underly…[Read more]

A cliquet option, also called ratchet option, consists of a series of forward start options, each struck at the money on the date it becomes active. Typically, each option begins on the date corresponding to the expiry of the previous option. The cliquet is a series of at-the-money options, with periodic settlement, resetting the strike value at…[Read more]

What happens when an exercise succeeds too well? Could a school exercise designed to teach
a foreign language also influence how a discipline interprets its central literary texts?
For centuries in Britain, Latin versification was the pinnacle of both pedagogy and scholarship,
the ultimate proof of a good teacher and a good pupil. Every day,…[Read more]

South Africa was one of the most unequal countries in the world in 1994 and inequality has featured prominently as a key socio-economic and policy challenge over the post-apartheid period. Yet, despite policy interventions with the aim of reducing inequality, these high levels of inequality remain in place. Such resilience in inequality demands…[Read more]

Mobility is a multifaceted concept with social, economic and political implications. This article reflects on the role of mobility and its relation to precarity in the emergence of protests in both Quito (Ecuador) and Santiago (Chile) in 2019 by examining the interplay between mobility and inequality. It argues that the announced increases in…[Read more]

Barrier options are set up conditionally, so that within the life of the option, a barrier may or may not be reached. The barrier option is dependent on an “extreme” price, either high or low, attained by the underlying. If a barrier is reached, or touched, the constraints are triggered.

A lookback option gives the option holder the right but not the obligation to buy the underlying asset at the lowest price. It pays a single call-option-style payoff based on the performance of the underlying asset’s final price relative to its initial price, where both the initial and final prices are computed using a lookback formula.

These models are a representation of the macroeconomic evolution of the US economy from 1970 to 2010. The main variables addressed are economic growth, income distribution and private debt. The theoretical basis of the model relies on what Bhaduri labeled as the “Marx-Keynes-Kalecki” tradition that has four distinctive assumptions: 1) The price of…[Read more]

This lecture notes focus on developmental processes that occur from conception through the end of adolescence and also include theories of human development.

A variance swap is an instrument which allows investors to trade future realized (historical) volatility against current implied volatility. The Variance Swap pays the difference between observed variance and a strike variance, possibly subject to a cap and a floor. The observed variance is computed from the stock price returns over a series of…[Read more]

An equity warrant is an option on the equity of a firm issued by the same firm, which gives the holder the right to purchase shares at a fixed price from the firm at a future date. When a warrant is exercised, the firm typically issues new shares at the exercise price to fill the order. The resulting increase in shares outstanding dilutes the share value.

An equity swap is an OTC contract between two parties to exchange a set of cash flows in the future. Normally one party pays the return based on capital gains and dividends realized on an equity security and the other party pays the return based on a floating interest rate plus a spread.

The mentorship programme in the school of education of a South African university shows what is possible in peer mentor leadership development. Through the analysis of first-year student mentees’ perceptions, experiences, and assessment of their peer mentors’ roles, and accounts of the mentors’ review of their role in the mentorship progr…[Read more]

Equity options, which are the most common type of equity derivatives, give an investor the right but not the obligation to buy a call or sell a put at a set strike price prior to the contract’s expiry date. Equity options are derivatives that means their value is derived from the value of an underlying equity. Investors and traders can use e…[Read more]

An Equity Forward contract is an agreement between two counterparties to buy a specific number of equity stocks, stock index or basket at a given price (called strike price) at a given date. For any forward contract no cash changes hands until the maturity of the contract. Equity forward contracts are cash settled in most cases. At maturity, the…[Read more]

Spain’s Local Government model has suffered from problems of its own that have been left out of the political debate and also from the scientific and academic ones. The Cities of Madrid and Barcelona have a special status through special laws, and due to their size and importance they have specific problems. Hence the importance of comparing the 2…[Read more]

Política, Gobierno y Administración en la Comunidad de Madrid, España

Convertible bonds can be thought of as normal corporate bonds with embedded options, which enable the holder to exchange the bond asset for the issuer’s stock. Having properties of both stocks and bonds, convertibles can be an attractive choice for investors and have tended to have lower risk.

A basket option can be used to hedge the risk exposure to or speculate the market move on the underlying stock basket. Because it involves just one transaction, a basket option often costs less than multiple single options. The most important feature of a basket option is its ability to efficiently hedge risk on multiple assets at the same time.…[Read more]