A model is developed for evaluating the conditional probability of hitting an upper barrier before a lower barrier, and vice versa, for a tied down geometric Brownian motion with drift. The method produces an analytical value for this probability, assuming that the barrier levels are constant and continuously monitored.

Abstract

Entrepreneurs are the moving force of economic growth. Through entrepreneurship comes employment opportunities. From the Filipino youth to Filipino women and up to Filipino professional, there is always that profound intention to engage themselves in entrepreneurship not just to generate revenue but also to help in the upliftment of…[Read more]

Abstract

Entrepreneurs are the moving force of economic growth. Through entrepreneurship comes employment opportunities. From the Filipino youth to Filipino women and up to Filipino professional, there is always that profound intention to engage themselves in entrepreneurship not just to generate revenue but also to help in the upliftment of…[Read more]

This article presents a model for pricing complex CDO structures and compute the sensitivities of the risk factors. The complex CDO structures need to be priced using the market information on tranche losses at multiple points of time. Currently, the model is being used for the valuation of forward starting CDO trades (FSCDO) and loss-trigger…[Read more]

This article presents a model for pricing complex CDO structures and compute the sensitivities of the risk factors. The complex CDO structures need to be priced using the market information on tranche losses at multiple points of time. Currently, the model is being used for the valuation of forward starting CDO trades (FSCDO) and loss-trigger…[Read more]

The structure of a Binary Return Note is similar to the one of a regular note, but the coupons are
contingent on return rates on stocks. Quasi-Monte Carlo simulation is used for pricing the product.

The structure of a Binary Return Note is similar to the one of a regular note, but the coupons are
contingent on return rates on stocks. Quasi-Monte Carlo simulation is used for pricing the product.

We present a pricing model for fade option. A fade option can be more precisely named as “point-barrier option”. The fade option is a vanilla option that exists or dies if a barrier is breached on a single preset date, which is prior or equal to the contract maturity.

We present a pricing model for fade option. A fade option can be more precisely named as “point-barrier option”. The fade option is a vanilla option that exists or dies if a barrier is breached on a single preset date, which is prior or equal to the contract maturity.

Average rate or Asian options have a payoff function proportional to an average rate or price. The average price is calculated over a sampling of specified dates that need not be equally spaced in time. The average price or rate tends to be less volatile than a single underlying price and hence, an option on the underlying average price should be…[Read more]

Average rate or Asian options have a payoff function proportional to an average rate or price. The average price is calculated over a sampling of specified dates that need not be equally spaced in time. The average price or rate tends to be less volatile than a single underlying price and hence, an option on the underlying average price should be…[Read more]

The article discusses valuation models for the following products: power financial indices swap contracts (PWR-SWAP), power financial transmission rights contracts (PWRSWAP- FTR), power physical delivery contracts (PWR-PHYS) and power physical transmission contracts (PWR-TR-SPREAD). All products have similar valuation structure – index swap (or s…[Read more]

The article discusses valuation models for the following products: power financial indices swap contracts (PWR-SWAP), power financial transmission rights contracts (PWRSWAP- FTR), power physical delivery contracts (PWR-PHYS) and power physical transmission contracts (PWR-TR-SPREAD). All products have similar valuation structure – index swap (or s…[Read more]

We offer a hybrid (trinomial tree plus semi-analytic formulas) pricing method for FX Double Window Double Barrier option . Currently, the model uses spot implied volatility for the first time window, and forward implied volatility for the second time window. These are Black-Scholes implied volatilities from traded vanilla European options, but,…[Read more]

We offer a hybrid (trinomial tree plus semi-analytic formulas) pricing method for FX Double Window Double Barrier option . Currently, the model uses spot implied volatility for the first time window, and forward implied volatility for the second time window. These are Black-Scholes implied volatilities from traded vanilla European options, but,…[Read more]

आस्ट्रेलिया ने 2021 में मीडिया संस्थानों के हितों की रक्षा के लिए ‘समाचार मीडिया और डिजिटल प्लेटफ़ॉर्म अनिवार्य सौदेबाजी कानून’ बनाया था। 2023 में ऐसा ही कानून कैनेडा में बनाया गया। भारत समेत कई अन्य देश भी ऐसे कानून बनाने पर विचार कर रहे हैं। टेक-कंपनियां ऐसे कानूनों का विरोध करती हैं तथा अपनी शर्तें न माने जाने की स्थिति में अपनी…[Read more]

The purpose of the model is to calculate the credit spread sensitivity, correlation sensitivity, and default sensitivity via analytic methods for index CDO trades and bespoke CDO trades. The credit spread sensitivity is defined as the change in the MTM by perturbing the credit spread by a small amount; the default sensitivity is calculated by…[Read more]

The purpose of the model is to calculate the credit spread sensitivity, correlation sensitivity, and default sensitivity via analytic methods for index CDO trades and bespoke CDO trades. The credit spread sensitivity is defined as the change in the MTM by perturbing the credit spread by a small amount; the default sensitivity is calculated by…[Read more]

A pricing model for capped-accumulated-return-call (CARC) with volatility surface is presented. Proprietary approaches to interpreting volatility surface are employed during pricing. To accelerate the convergence when low discrepancy sequences are used in Monte Carlo simulation (Quasi-Monte Carlo simulation), the Brownian Bridge Path…[Read more]

A pricing model for capped-accumulated-return-call (CARC) with volatility surface is presented. Proprietary approaches to interpreting volatility surface are employed during pricing. To accelerate the convergence when low discrepancy sequences are used in Monte Carlo simulation (Quasi-Monte Carlo simulation), the Brownian Bridge Path…[Read more]