Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED©) is a certification used to assess the degree of environmental sustainability attained by a project. However, LEED© has an impact not only on the technical specifications, but also on design. The objective of this paper is to evaluate what the impact of its version for neighborhoods (LEED© ND…[Read more]

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED©) is a certification used to assess the degree of environmental sustainability attained by a project. However, LEED© has an impact not only on the technical specifications, but also on design. The objective of this paper is to evaluate what the impact of its version for neighborhoods (LEED© ND…[Read more]

Alexander Cuthbert published a daring anthology on architecture and urban design, completed in 2011. The project began in 2001 resulting in three volumes: Designing Cities (2003), The Form of the Cities (2006) and Understanding Cities (2011). Unlike other anthologies on architecture, this author organized it as follows: critical selection of…[Read more]

Alexander Cuthbert published a daring anthology on architecture and urban design, completed in 2011. The project began in 2001 resulting in three volumes: Designing Cities (2003), The Form of the Cities (2006) and Understanding Cities (2011). Unlike other anthologies on architecture, this author organized it as follows: critical selection of…[Read more]

Henri Lefebvre’s (HL) large production about cities, urban, urban space and society could indicate its relevance to the architecture produced after the heyday of the neoliberal cycle and its crisis in 2008. This author introduced the practical-sensitive basis in the debate between the spatial and social processes to discuss the ideological d…[Read more]

Henri Lefebvre’s (HL) large production about cities, urban, urban space and society could indicate its relevance to the architecture produced after the heyday of the neoliberal cycle and its crisis in 2008. This author introduced the practical-sensitive basis in the debate between the spatial and social processes to discuss the ideological d…[Read more]

In the end of the 1980’s, the current hegemonic discourse about the environmental crisis settled the notion of “sustainability”. This notion was formulated in the Brundtland report, which argued that innovation in technology would overcome the impasses of environmental exploitation, in a way that could even result in social development. We choos…[Read more]

Dini çoğulculuk, dini dışlayıcılık ve kapsayıcılıktan farklı olarak, her dinsel inanış taraftarlarının kendi dinleri içinde kalarak ilahi selamete erişeceğini söyler. Temelde, teolojik ve felsefi boyutları olan dini çoğulculuk tartışmasının siyasete bakan bir yönü de vardır. İslam tarihinde Meşşâî felsefenin kurucusu ve mutluluk filozofu ola…[Read more]

The ultimate cause of much historical, social and cultural change is the gradual accumulation of human knowledge of the environment. Human beings use the materials in their environment, including fire and metals, to meet their needs and increased human knowledge of fire and metals enables human needs to be met in a more efficient manner. Fire and…[Read more]

This paper was written to investigate the order of discoveries made in chemistry leading up to the discovery of the periodic table. New experimental techniques, such as the pneumatic trough, voltaic pile, spectroscopy, and potassium analysis led to the discovery of many new elements and their properties which enabled the discovery of the periodic…[Read more]

The change from the traditional Western and Chinese view of the elements involving materials such as water, air, earth, wood, metal and fire, to the chemical elements making up the periodic table, to atoms, to particles such as protons, neutrons and electrons, and then to quarks was inevitable. The order of discovery of these ideas of the ultimate…[Read more]

The ultimate cause of much historical, social and cultural change is the gradual accumulation of human knowledge of the environment. The human environment has a particular structure so that human knowledge of the environment is acquired in a particular order. The structure of the universe and the nature of the human sensory apparatus ensured that…[Read more]

It is proposed that the ultimate cause of much historical, social and cultural change is the gradual accumulation of human knowledge of the environment. Human beings use the materials in their environment to meet their needs and increased human knowledge of the environment enables human needs to be meet in a more efficient manner. Human needs…[Read more]

This paper was written in order to examine the order of discovery of significant developments in the history of electricity. The history of electricity reveals a series of discoveries with the simplest discoveries being made first and more complex discoveries being made later. Some discoveries could not be made without certain prior discoveries…[Read more]

Guttman scale analysis is a very useful tool to understand the evolution of societies. It shows the accumulation of cultural traits throughout history in various societies and that those cultural traits were usually accumulated in the same order. The results of studies, by Robert Carneiro and others, shows the accumulation of cultural traits is…[Read more]

This paper was written to question the widespread belief among anthropologists that prehistoric hunter gatherers knew about agriculture long before agriculture began to be practised. The paper suggests gradually accumulating human knowledge led to the development of agriculture rather than population pressure, favourable mutations or convenient…[Read more]

Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Leslie White, Allen Johnson and Timothy Earle, and Stephen Sanderson, all produced some of the more interesting theories of history, social change and cultural evolution but their theories have a common deficiency. None of them provide an ultimate explanation for social, cultural and historical change. This failure was…[Read more]

Late twentieth-century social and linguistic theory tells us that the view from the tall building transforms us into analysts and historians, disembodied readers of the civic ‘text’. This paper argues that the proposition would have been familiar to seventeenth-century City-dwellers, and does so by pursuing the experience of the elevated obs…[Read more]

The functioning of truth in a history text does not depend only on its episte-mological conditions, but also on an ethical relation between the historian and the reader. Paul Ricoeur proposed that such ethical relation is based upon a tacit reading pact, a contract in which the author ensures his reader that his narra-tive is…[Read more]

In Historians of Brazil, Francisco Iglésias reviews some of the great names in Brazilian historiography as divided by him into three distinct moments: up to 1838, from 1838 to 1931, and from 1931 onwards. This article shall focus on the third of these moments, which has traditionally been considered the moment of the “modern Brazilian hi…[Read more]