We present a method for bootstrapping a set of zero rates from an input set of US government money market securities and bonds. We detail the calculations used to convert ACT/365 continuously compounded zero rates to the rates.

We present an approach that calculates the Hull White (HW) volatility to make the swaption price calculated on a HW tree match Black’s price for the same swaption at each grid point. We priced the payer swaption using our benchmark Black’s model and then priced the same swaption, using our benchmark HW trinomial tree model, based on the c…[Read more]

The valuation makes the assumption that the future values of these parameters will be unchanged until the final payment date. Subsequently, the calculator performs a deterministic computation consisting of calculating the future cashflows in the waterfall and discounting them.

A convertible bond with exchangeable feature, which can be converted into a stock issued by a party different from the bond issuer. Assume that the stock conversion is vulnerable. If the bond-issuer has defaulted by a time, t , then the stock price is zero. If, on the other hand, the bond-issuer has not defaulted by time t , then the stock price…[Read more]

The Brownian Bridge algorithm belongs to the family of Monte Carlo or Quasi-Monte Carlo methods with reduced variance. It generates sample paths which all start at the same initial point and end, at the same moment of time, at the same final point.

Based on the Hull-White single-factor tree building approach, respective trinomial trees are constructed for the short-term interest rate and stock’s price processes. Using the Hull-White two-factor tree building procedure, a combined tree is constructed by matching the mean, variance and correlation corresponding to each combined tree node. T…[Read more]

Two parties have established Securitization Partnership (the “Partnership”), to distribute and administer the mutual funds. Under the agreement the Partnership will finance the commissions to brokers selling mutual fund units on a deferred sales charge basis and, in exchange, will receive mutual fund distribution, administrative and redemption fees.

We propose a model for pricing a convertible bond (CB) where the issuer’s stock price is possibly denominated in a different currency from the bond’s coupon currency. We use a three factor, trinomial tree based model for pricing the CB.

A forward starting option is an option whose strike price is not fully determined until an intermediate date before expiration. A model is used to compute option price, Delta, Gamma, Hedge Rho, Discount Rho, Vega and Theta.

We present a model for calculating the price of European call and put options in the domestic currency on an underlying foreign equity with tenor up to 7 years. The calculation include option price, Delta, Gamma, Hedge Rho, Discount Rho, Vega, Theta.

This article presents analytics for pricing quanto Himalayan options on equity, where the single best return is locked in each fixing period. Specifically, we considered the impact of the quanto adjustment term on calibration and the computation of option premium and hedge ratios

The valuation methodology is based on the Monte Carlo spot LIBOR rate model. The model generates spot rates which log-normally distributed at each reset date. These spot rates are derived from corresponding forward rates whose stochastic behavior is constructed in an arbitrage-free manner. Outcomes for the spot rate are generated for each reset…[Read more]

Payoff for equity GIC requires a dynamically created basket such that the weight factors incorporate a division by the spot levels on the issue date, which converts the payoff to one based on a basket of comparative returns (rather than basket returns). To automate feeds on a daily basis we will need to create new baskets on a daily basis.

Purpose: This study aims at justifying the affiliation of the massive transformative purpose as an important item in the aggregate of the proclaimed corporate culture elements. For this reason the bundle of shades in the meaning for the massive transformative purpose will be explored, bearing in mind the main researcher’s interest in outlining t…[Read more]

The current article explores and assesses the coming into being of new business culture characteristics due to the extreme conditions of Covid-19 pandemic. Based on conducted focus group with students in Organizational culture module and performed subsequent literature review of scientific and professional literature, and blogs/ sites of opinion…[Read more]

The paper reviews emerging aspects of leadership in business organizations under the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic as identified two levels of its realization – on an organizational one and individual one, cultural approach to leadership, pursuing leadership through human resources and appropriate communications, considering the opinions a…[Read more]

A foreign exchange swap or currency swap is a contract under which two parties agree to exchange two currencies at a set rate and then to re-exchange those currencies at an agreed upon rate at a fixed date in the future. Therefore, an FX swap consists of two transactions: a spot transaction and a forward transaction.

A currency option or FX option is a contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a certain currency at a specified exchange rate on or before a specified date. Currency options are one of the most common ways for corporations, individuals or financial institutions to hedge against adverse movements in exchange rates.

A currency future, also known as an FX future , is a future contract to exchange one currency for another at a specified date in the future at an exchange rate that is fixed on the purchase date. By using a currency future contract, the parties are able to effectively lock-in the exchange rate for a future transaction. Speculation and hedging in…[Read more]

A currency forward or FX forward contract is an agreement that allows the buyer to lock in an exchange rate the day on which the agreement is signed for a transaction that will be completed later. Forward contracts are one of the main methods used to hedge against exchange rate volatility, as they avoid the impact of currency fluctuation over the…[Read more]