This chapter is a study of music and violence in action films set in Rio de Janeiro’s poorest neighborhoods. It traces how the Brazilian films Cidade de Deus [City of God] (2002) and Tropa de Elite [Elite Squad] (2007) rely both on visual language that emphasizes hyperrealistic slum violence, and on musical tropes that carry a local meaning l…[Read more]

The period following the end of Getúlio Vargas’s second government (1951-1954) saw a massive expansion of the media industries with popular music in particular becoming an important cultural touchstone. Some salient trends in the post-War period include the politicization of music and other media (radio, television, social media), the in…[Read more]