Who Profits from Literary Translation? The article, originally inspired by the studies of Pascale Casanova and Pierre Bourdieu, attempts to answer the question who in Poland profits from literary translation. The concept of “profit” is understood very broadly, both in financial or economic context, and in context of the acquiring and losing cultural, social, and symbolic capital. It is analysed both from the point of view of an individual (translator, publisher, and reader) and social (cultural and language community). The article seeks to deal also such issues as the influence of foreign literature available in translation on the local literary market and locally produced literature.