With US economic sanctions against Russia in recent years, the Nord Stream Gas Pipeline project in Europe that links Russia and Germany via the Baltic Sea came under considerable global attention. Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine has only increased uncertainties around the Project, arguably one of the world’s most consequential submarine pip…[Read more]

The freedom of transit in international trade law originally involved the movement of goods across borders without any arbitrary or unnecessary hindrance. In this era of network-bound energy systems requiring the permanent establishment of fixed installations such as gas pipelines and high voltage power transmission grids to facilitate access to…[Read more]

This paper seeks to identify and understand the legal framework and models that undergird the regional gas pipeline networks being established in our times, against the backdrop of the evolving legal norms and business practices. It further seeks to examine the ways in which the competing rights and interests of different stakeholders in the…[Read more]

The Chapter surveys international environmental law in order to tease out the main issues and challenges in addressing the question of liability and redress. The Cartagena Biosafety Protocol is the first international agreement to regulate the transboundary movement of GMOs. However, rules of liability and redress in the context of biosafety…[Read more]

Government of India: Ministry of Education,
National Mission on Education through ICT, e-Pathshala PG Programme, Course on International Human Rights Law,
Module on Rights of the Child under International Law
July 2015

Ensuring the availability of basic resources and energy services, in adequate quantities and at reasonable prices, is a vital aspect of national energy policy everywhere. Hence, transnational pipeline projects for the transportation of oil and gas products play a significant role in the global quest for energy security. The construction and…[Read more]

It is now widely recognized that manifold human activities, including the international trade in, and the movement of, certain goods and products have negative and adverse implications for the protection of the global environment in its varied settings. In this context, the question of liability and redress for transboundary environmental harm…[Read more]