A model is presented for pricing an American call option on stock. The option tenor is n years, and its strike price is increased every anniversary. It has also the following feature: if the stock price stays in excess of 200% of the current strike price during 10 consecutive trading days. The seller can issue a notice to the buyer that one half…[Read more]

1. Motivation: Spiritual beliefs as a Drive or Motivation.
When you talk to “spiritual people” – spiritual beliefs are not just a motivation but a very profound source of inspiration and a powerful drive. In contrast spirituality as a motivation is conspicuously absent from much of academia proper. Beginning in 2017, I did substantial research.…[Read more]

Einstein observed, “Try and penetrate with our limited means the secrets of nature and you will find that, behind all the discernible laws and connections, there remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Veneration of this force beyond anything that we can comprehend is my religion. To that extent I am, in fact, religious.” As the p…[Read more]

We present a valuation model for pricing two asset barrier options on commodity futures. Applications to commodity futures have a number of specific. The analytical valuation formulas are also implemented. The payoff of a two asset barrier options is made against one of the assets, while the other asset is used to trigger the barrier.

Forest conservation is a very important concept across the world. It is not only crucial for climate change but also very critical for the survival of humanity. In Africa, forests have always been an important aspect of nature that is regarded with uttermost reverence and
care. Importantly, discussions on health, healthcare, culture, economics…[Read more]

A two-asset barrier option is a European style option whose value is determined by two underlying assets. One asset, S1, determines the payoff function, and the other, S2, knocks the option in or out if the S2 value crosses the barrier.

A Market Mix GIC is a type of guaranteed investment certificate, which offers a return based on a corresponding GIC rate and the performance of a basket of certain stock and bond market indices. The payoff at maturity from a Market Mix GIC can be shown equal to the invested principal plus this principal times the sum of the minimum guaranteed…[Read more]

The Market Mix GIC is a type of guaranteed investment certificate, of 3- or 5-year term, which offers a return based on a corresponding GIC rate and the performance of a basket of certain stock and bond market indices. To determine the rate of return, the percentage change in each index level from the initial level is calculated. Here the initial…[Read more]

A pricing model was developed for pricing a total return swap between two parties. Here party A receives LIBOR plus a spread, but pays out the equity dividends arising from a collateralized loan obligation (CLO).

Due to subjectivity in oral assessment, much concentration has been put on obtaining a satisfactory measure of consistency among raters. However, obtaining consistency might not result in valid decisions. One matter that is at the core of both reliability and validity in oral performance is rater training. Recently, the Multifaceted Rasch…[Read more]