When we study civil wars and conflicts we tend to conceptualise them as occurring in stages: starting from domestic political disagreements, to demon-strations and protests escalating into violence and war. How armed conflicts end is often seen as the reverse process, moving from high intensity armed interaction, to a drawing down, war weariness,…[Read more]

This study presents innovative strategies for EFL educators aimed at cultivating resilience and growth mindsets in learners. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, we engaged 200 learners aged 11-20 from varied linguistic backgrounds. The methodology comprised surveys and interviews, enabling customized interventions that significantly improved…[Read more]

This study explores the changing relationship of communities in Colonial and Post-colonial Urdu Literature. It attempts to map out the communal space in the symbolic world of literature given to the Christians over a century by Urdu fiction writers. In colonial India, the missionary activities especially for female education evoked different…[Read more]

Korean War Battle of Chosin Reservoir: The British casualties in one day in the battle of the Somme during WWI were 50,000 dead and wounded. 50,000 casualties in one day – patriotism & esprit de corps – is a very solid proof that there is a “psychology of groups.”
Why is the Battle of Chosin Reservoir important?
Preface: Materialist dogma – “…[Read more]