The inscriptions at Wadi el-Hol just north of Memphis, Egypt are a late variant of Minoan Linear A showing its progression towards alphabetic writing with its treatment of phoneme signs more as wildcard signs able to be followed by any vowel sound. The Minoans were in Egypt during the early 18th dynasty as revealed by Minoan artwork discovered at Tell el-Dab’a (former Hyksos capital of Avaris). Full alphabetic writing would start appearing 100 years later at the Egyptian turquoise mine at Serabit el-Khadim. The vertical inscription is mostly pictographic illustrating an attack on a marching camp while the horizontal inscription is a text which describes the reasons for the attack as hunger among some tribes.