The Iberian Peninsula during the Latin Middle Ages was home to large populations of Muslims and Jews. During the period we like to call the Middle Ages, much of the Iberian Peninsula was under Muslim rule. By the beginning of the sixteenth century, the entire peninsula was under Christian rule, and Judaism and Islam were officially banned. Consquently, the very rich cultural legacies of Peninsular Judaism and Islam did not form part of Spanish or Portuguese national patrimony, and became instead the classics of the Arab and Jewish worlds. This essay examines how the formation of Modern of Spanish (and Portuguese) national identity, predicated on non-Islam and non-Judaism, affected the study and reception of the medieval cultural production of Iberian Muslism and Jews.